Space Physics Archive Search and Extract (SPASE). The outermost container or envelope for SPASE metadata. This indicates the start of the SPASE metadata. A tabular listing of events or observational notes, especially those that have utility in aiding a user in locating data. Catalogues include lists of events, files in a product, and data availability. Attributes of a resource which pertain to the provider of the resource and descriptive information about the resource. The person or organization who may be able to provide special assistance or serve as a channel for communication for additional information about a resource. Attributes of the method of acquiring additional information. Attributes of the resource which pertain to how to acquire the resource, availability and storage format. Attributes of the method of acquiring a resource including a URL, name and description. The area of storage in a file system required to store the contents of a resource. The data extent is expressed in unitized bytes. The duration of an interval in time. Specification of the origin and orientation of axes against which the location of some point is given and the representative form of each point. Attributes to aid in the rendering of parameter. The organization and relationship of individual values within a quantity. A component or indiviual unit of a multiple value quantity such as an array or vector. The space around a radiating body within which its electromagnetic attributes can exert force on another similar body that is not in direct contact. The range of possible values for the observed frequency. A grouping of observations according to a band or window of a common attribute. A description of the types of particles observed in the measurement. This includes both direct observations and inferred observations. The minimum and maximum energy values of the particles represented by a given "physical parameter" description. The range of possible azimuthal angles for a group of energy observations. Default units are degrees. The range of possible polar angles for a group of energy observations. Defaults units are degrees. Photon (radio through gamma-rays): the fundamental particle or quantum of electromagnetic radiation (radiant energy) The range of possible values for the observed wavelength. Information useful in understanding the context of an observation, typically observed or measured coincidentally with a physical observation. A graphical representation of data wherein the underlying numeric values are not (readily) accessible for analysis.. Examples are line plots and spectrograms. A characterization of the time over which the measurement was taken. Data stored as numerical values in a specified format. A set of information designed and presented as an individual entity. A document may contain plain or formatted text, inlined graphics, sound, other multimedia data, or hypermedia references. Some examples of documents include a paper, letter, book, user guide, map, drawing, photograph, or image. An accessible portion of another resource. A Granule may be composed of one or more physical pieces (files) which are considered inseperable. For example, a data storage format that maintains metadata and binary data in seperate, but tightly coupled files. Granules should not be used to group files that have simple relationships or which are associated through a parent resource. For example, each file containing a time interval data for a Numerical Data resource would each be considered a Granule. The ParentID of a Granule resource must be a NumericalData resource. The attributes of a Granule supersede the corresponding attributes in the NumericalData resource. The location and attributes of an object. A computed value that is dependent upon the contents of a digital data object. Primarily used to check whether errors or alterations have occurred during the transmission or storage of a data object. A device which is used to sense and parameterize a physical phenomenon. The host (spacecraft, network, facility) for instruments making observations. A position in space definable by a regional referencing system and geographic coordinates. An individual human being. A location or facility where resources are cataloged. A location or facility where resources are stored. A location or facility that can perform a well defined task. Permissions granted or denied by the host of a product to allow other users to access and use the resource. The individual, group or organization which should be acknowledged when the data is used in or contributes to a presentation or publication. Directions for finding some location; written on letters or packages that are to be delivered to that location. An alternative or shortened name used to refer to a resource. This includes acronyms, expanded names or synonym for a resource. The resource identifier for a resource with which this resource is closely associated. The the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom. An indication of the method or service which may be used to access the resource. A short character string (approximately 10 characters, but preferably 6 characters - more only if absolutely required for clarity) which can be used to label a y-axis for a plot or to provide a heading for a data listing. A common or provider assigned name for a range of values. The time interval between the start of successive measurements. Information which may be important in the avoidance of misuse of the resource. This includes things such as instrument maladies, corruption or contamination. A part of a multi-part entity, e.g., the components of a vector. The method or form for specifying a given point in a given coordinate system Identifies the coordinate system in which the position, direction or observation has been expressed. A detailed description of the resource which should include discussions of the main quantities in the resource, possible uses and search terms. A description should also include whether any corrections (i.e, geometry, inertial) have been applied to it. The time interval between the successive display elements. The general styling or type of plot that is suitable for the variable. A characterization of the content or purpose of a document. The distance in meters above (positive) or below (negative) the "zero elevation" defined by the World Geodetic System reference frame (WGS84). The electronic address at which the individual may be contacted expressed in the form "local-part@domain". A set of unambiguous rules that establishes the representation of information within a file. The date and time when a resource is no longer available. If the Expiration Date is specified then it indicates that resource should not be made available after that time. However, this is only advisory and in practice a resource description should be unpublished to eliminate access to a resource. The time interval over which an individual measurement is taken. A container of other metadata which is not part of the SPASE data model. The contents of this element are defined by individual usage. The organization and content are constrained by the implementation. For example, in an XML representation of the SPASE metadata the content must conform to the XML specications. The symbols and numerals required to send a facsimile (FAX) to an individual by telephone. The string may contain punctuation marks such as dash (-) or dot (.) to separate fields within the string. The physical attribute of the field. A value that indidicates that a qunatity is undefined. A string defining the output format used when extracting data values out to a file or screen. The magnitude and the number of significant figures needed should be carefully considered. The output format string can be in either Fortran or C syntax. A function or algorithm that converts a digital data object into a hash value. Typically the hash value is small and concise when compared to the digital data object. The value calculated by a hash function, e.g. the message digest of a digital data object. The largest value within a range of possible values. The location of an item in an array or vetor. An index can be multivalued to represent the location in a multidimensional object. The resource identifier for a resource which was used to generate this resource. The identifier of an Instrument resource. A characterization of an integrated collection of software and hardware containing one or more sensors and associated controls used to produce data on an environment. The name given to the contract or engagement which enabled the data to be produced. Each investigation is associated with a Principal Investigator or Guest Investigator who was responsible for the original proposal. For single PI missions each major subsystem having its own identified Team Leader may also be classed as an "Investigation" for the purposes of data archiving. A word or phrase that is relevant to the resource but does not exist in other documentary information. The two character indicator of language selected from the ISO 630-1 codes for the representation of names of languages. The location of a place on Earth specified as an angle east (positive) or west (negative) of a north-south line called the Prime Meridian defined by the coordinate system in use. The location of a place on Earth specified as an angle north (positive) or south (negative) of the equator defined by the coordinate system in use. The smallest value within a range of possible values. A characterization of the quantitative assessment of a phenomenon. A Uniform Resource Locator (URL) to al aternate location of a resource. A measured observation which is derived from a combination of two or more individual measurements. A language unit by which a person or thing is known. Information which is useful or important for the understanding of a value or parameter. A set of programmatically related observatories. The value is taken from an approved list of observatory group names. The identifier of an Observatory resource. A spatial location distinguished by certain natural features or physical characteristics where an observatory is located. The portion of space measured by the instrument at the time of an observation. A region is distinguished by certain natural features or physical characteristics. It is the location of the observatory for in situ data, the location or region sensed by remote sensing observatories and the location-of-relevance for parameters that are derived from observational data. A unit within a company or other entity (e.g., Government agency or branch of service) within which many projects are managed as a whole. The name or identfier which can be used to access the parameter in the resource. The associated value is dependent on the service used to access the resource. The resource identifier for a resource that a resource is a part of. The resource inherits the attributes of the referenced resource. Attributes defined in the resource override attributes of the parent in the manner perscribed by the containing resource. A characterization of the physical properties of the particle. A characterization of the kind of particle observed by the measurement. The time interval over which a characterization applies. For example, the number of bytes generated each day. The identifier assigned to a Person description. The words used to address an individual. The characteristics or categorization of an event type. The symbols and numerals required to contact an individual by telephone. The string may contain punctuation marks such as dash (-) or dot (.) to separate fields within the string. A characterization of the physical properties of the photon. The resource identifier for a resource that is superceeded or replaced by a resource. The standard classification of the processing performed on the product. The provider specific classification of the processing performed on the product. A short textual description of a resource used by the provider which may be used to identify a resource. Describes the release or edition of the product used by the provider. The formation rule may vary between providers. It is intended to aid in queries to the provider regarding the product. Characterizes the refinement to apply to a type or attribute of a quanity. A value that describes a characteristic of a system. An indication of the nominal end date relative to the present. The date and time when a resource is made available. The availability of a resource coincides with the release of a resource description. If the Release Date is specified as a future date then it indicates that resource should not be made available until that time. However, this is only advisory and in practice the Release Date should be the actual date the resource description was published. The identifier of an Repository resource. A Resource ID is a URI that has the form "scheme://authority/path" where "scheme" is "spase" for those resources administered through the SPASE framework, "authority" is the unique identifier for the resource provider registered within the SPASE framework and "path" is the unique identifier of the resource within the context of the "authority". The resource ID must be unique within the SPASE framework. A short textual description of a resource which may be useful when read by a person. The assigned or assumed function or position of an individual. The maximum value that the variable is expected to attain. Used, for example, by automated plotting software. The minimum value that the variable is expected to attain. Used, for example, by automated plotting software. The scaling to apply to an axis. If this attribute is not present, linear scale should be assumed. A collection of items for a particular purpose. The number of elements in each dimension of a multi-dimensional array. =1 for a scalar; = n for a vector, the number of vector elements; = (m, n, p ...). Note that the number of elements in the size of an N-dimensional array conveys the array's dimensionality while the product of those numbers conveys the total number of elements in the array. When size is used to describe a tensor it is the number of elements in the tensor. As such it has a limited set of values. A tensor of rank 1 has a size of 3, rank 2 a size of 9, rank 3 a size of 27 and rank n a size of 3^n. A characterization of the function or purpose of the source. The general term used to describe wavelengths or frequencies within a given span of values for those quantities. The specification of a starting point in time. The specification of a stopping point in time. A characterization of the support information. Uniform Resource Locator (URL) is the global address of documents and other resources on the World Wide Web. The first part of the address indicates what protocol to use, and the second part specifies the IP address or the domain name where the resource is located followed by the pathname of the resource. A URL is specified in the form protocol://server.domain.name:port/pathname. Example protocols are HTTP or FTP, server domain name is the Internet name. A description of the standardized measurement increments in which a value is specified. The description is represented as a mathematical phrase. Units should be represented by widely accepted representation. For example, units should conform to the International System of Units (SI) which is maintained by BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (see <http://www.bipm.fr/> ) when appropriate or use tokens like "Re" to represent units of the Radius of the Earth. Within a phrase the circumflex (^) is used to indicate a power, a star (*) is used to indicate multiplication and a slash (/) division. When symbols are not separated by a mathematical operator, multiplication is assumed. Symbols for base units can be found at: <http://www.bipm.fr/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-1/#symbols> and those for common derived units can be found at: <http://www.bipm.fr/en/si/derived_units/2-2-2.html> The multiplicative factor for converting a unit into International System of Units (SI) units. The factor is expressed in the form "number > x", where "number" is a numerical value and "x" is the appropriate SI units. The basic SI units are Enumerated: m (meter), N (newton), kg (kilogram), Pa (pascal), s (second), Hz (hertz), A (ampere), V (volt), K (kelvin), W (watt), rad (radian), J (joule), sr (steradian), C (coulomb), T (tesla), ohm (ohm), mho (mho or seimens), H (henry), and F (farad). Two useful units which are not SI units are: degree (angle), and unitless (no units). An example is: "1.0E-5>T" which converts the units, presumable nT, to tesla. Another example is: "1.0e+3>m/s" which converts a velocity expressed in kilometers per second to meters per second. The largest legitmate value. The smallest legitmate value. Indicates the release identifier. When used to indicate the release of the SPASE data model, it is a in the form Major.Minor.Fix where Major: A significant change in the architecture of the model or rewrite of the implementation. This includes major changes in design or implementation language. This number starts at 0 (zero). Minor: An addition of terms or features that require changes in documentation/external API. This number starts at 0 (zero). Fix: Any change that doesn't require documentation/external API changes. This number starts at 0 (zero). Version number. Identifiers for permissions granted or denied by the host of a product to allow other users to access and use the resource. Access is granted to everyone. Access to the product is regulated and requires some form of identification. Identifiers for indicating the method or service which may be used to access the resource. Not directly accessible electronically. This includes resources which may to be moved to an online status in response to a given request. Directly accessible electronically. Identifiers for the axis of coordinate systems. The angle between the meridian of a vector and the zero meridian of the coordinate system in which the vector is expressed. Equivalently, the angle between the projection of a position or measured vector into the X-Y plane and X-axis in the coordinate system in which the vector is expressed. Also referred to as the azimuthal angle or "longitude". Mathematically: Phi = arctan(y/x) The component of a vector in the radial direction from the center of the coordinate system. For spatial points, the angular distance from a meridian normal to the equator. Also referred to as the zenith angle or "latitude". As a "latitude" angles range from +90 to -90 with zero at the equator and positive angles are in the direction designated as "North." An alternate range of values is often called "co-latitude" where values range from 0 to +180 as measured from the "north" pole. Mathematically: Theta = arctan(sqrt(x^2 + y^2)/z) The component of a vector along the X-axis in a cartessian coordinate system. The component of a vector along the Y-axis in a cartessian coordinate system. The component of a vector along the Z-axis in a cartessian coordinate system. Identifiers the represenational form for coordinate system.ation has been expressed. A coordinate system in which the position of a point is determined by its distance from two or three mutually perpendicular axes. A system of curvilinear coordinates in which the position of a point in space is determined by its perpendicular distance from a given line, its distance from a selected reference plane perpendicular to this line, and its angular distance from a selected reference line when projected onto this plane. A system of curvilinear coordinates characterized by an azimuthal angle (longitude), a polar angle (latitude), and a distance (radius) from a point to the origin. Identifiers for coordinate systems in which the position, direction or observation has been expressed. A coordinate system which is centered at the Sun and is "fixed" with repsect to the synodic rotation rate; the mean synodic value is about 27.2753 days. The Astronomical Almanac gives a value for Carrington longitude of 349.03 degrees at 0000 UT on 1 January 1995. Corrected Geomagnetic - A coordinate system from a spatial point with GEO radial distance and geomagnetic latitude and longitude, follow the epoch-appropriate IGRF/DGRF model field vector through to the point where the field line crosses the geomagnetic dipole equatorial plane. Then trace the dipole magnetic field vector Earthward from that point on the equatorial plane, in the same hemisphere as the original point, until the initial radial distance is reached. Designate the dipole latitude and longitude at that point as the CGM latitude and longitude of the original point. See <http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/space/cgm/cgmm_des.html> Dipole Meridian - A coordinate system centered at the observation point. Z axis is parallel to the Earth's dipole axis, positive northward. X is in the plane defined by Z and the line linking the observation point with the Earth's center. Y is positive eastward. See <http://cdpp.cnes.fr/00428.pdf> Geocentric Equatorial Inertial - A coordinate system where the Z axis is along Earth's spin vector, positive northward. X axis points towards the first point of Aries (from the Earth towards the Sun at the vernal equinox). See Russell, 1971 Geographic - geocentric corotating - A coordinate system where the Z axis is along Earth's spin vector, positive northward. X axis lies in Greenwich meridian, positive towards Greenwich. See Russell, 1971. Geocentric Solar Ecliptic - A coordinate system where the X axis is from Earth to Sun. Z axis is normal to the ecliptic, positive northward. See Russell, 1971. Geocentric Solar Equatorial - A coordinate system where the X axis is from Earth to Sun. Y axis is parallel to solar equatorial plane. Z axis is positive northward. See Russell, 1971 Geocentric Solar Magnetospheric - A coordinate system where the X axis is from Earth to Sun, Z axis is northward in a plane containing the X axis and the geomagnetic dipole axis. See Russell, 1971 Heliocentric Aries Ecliptic - A coordinate system where the Z axis is normal to the ecliptic plane, positive northward. X axis is positive towards the first point of Aries (from Earth to Sun at vernal equinox). Same as SE below. See Hapgood, 1992. Heliographic Carrington Inertial. Heliocentric Earth Ecliptic - A coordinate system where the Z axis is normal to the ecliptic plane, positive northward. X axis points from Sun to Earth. See Hapgood, 1992 Heliocentric Earth Equatorial - A coordinate system where the Z axis is normal to the solar equatorial plane, positive northward. X axis is generally Earthward in the plane defined by the Z axis and the Sun-Earth direction. See Hapgood, 1992. Heliographic - A heliocentric rotating coordinate system where the Z axis is normal to the solar equatorial plane, positive northward. X, Y axes rotate with a 25.38 day period. The zero longitude (X axis) is defined as the longitude that passed through the ascending node of the solar equator on the ecliptic plane on 1 January, 1854 at 12 UT. See <http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/space/helios/coor_des.html> Heliographic Inertial - A heliocentric coordinate system where the Z axis is normal to the solar equatorial plane, positive northward. X axis is along the intersection line between solar equatorial and ecliptic planes. The X axis was positive at SE longitude of 74.367 deg on Jan 1, 1900. (See SE below.) See <http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/space/helios/coor_des.html> An astronomical coordinate system which uses the mean equator and equinox of Julian date 2451545.0 TT (Terrestrial Time), or January 1, 2000, noon TT. (aka J2000) to define a celestial reference frame. Local Geomagnetic - A coordinate system used mainly for Earth surface or near Earth surface magnetic field data. X axis northward from observation point in a geographic meridian. Z axis downward towards Earth's center. In this system, H (total horizontal component) = SQRT (Bx**2 + By**2) and D (declination angle) = arctan (By/Bx) Geomagnetic - geocentric. Z axis is parallel to the geomagnetic dipole axis, positive north. X is in the plane defined by the Z axis and the Earth's rotation axis. If N is a unit vector from the Earth's center to the north geographic pole, the signs of the X and Y axes are given by Y = N x Z, X = Y x Z.. See Russell, 1971, and <http://cdpp.cnes.fr/00428.pdf> Magnetic Field Aligned - A coordinate system spacecraft-centered system with Z in the direction of the ambient magnetic field vector. X is in the plane defined by Z and the spacecraft-Sun line, positive sunward. See <http://cdpp.cnes.fr/00428.pdf> Radial Tangential Normal. Typically centered at a spacecraft. Used for IMF and plasma V vectors. R (radial) axis is radially away from the Sun, T (tangential) axis is normal to the plane formed by R and the Sun's spin vector, positive in the direction of planetary motion. N (normal) is R x T. Spacecraft - A coordinate system defined by the spacecraft geometry and/or spin. Often has Z axis parallel to spacecraft spin vector. X and Y axes may or may not corotate with the spacecraft. See SR and SR2 below. Solar Ecliptic - A heliocentric coordinate system where the Z axis is normal to the ecliptic plane, positive northward. X axis is positive towards the first point of Aries (from Earth to Sun at vernal equinox). Same as HAE above. See <http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/space/helios/coor_des.html> Solar Magnetic - A geocentric coordinate system where the Z axis is northward along Earth's dipole axis, X axis is in plane of z axis and Earth-Sun line, positive sunward. See Russell, 1971. A coordinate system where X lies in the orbit plane normal to and in the direction of motion of the spacecraft, Z in normal to the orbit plane and Y completes the triad in a right-handed coordinate system. Spin Reference - A special case of a Spacecraft (SC) coordinate system for a spinning spacecraft. Z is parallel to the spacecraft spin vector. X and Y rotate with the spacecraft. See <http://cdpp.cnes.fr/00428.pdf> Spin Reference 2 - A special case of a Spacecraft (SC) coordinate system for a spinning spacecraft. Z is parallel to the spacecraft spin vector. X is in the plane defined by Z and the spacecraft-Sun line, positive sunward. See <http://cdpp.cnes.fr/00428.pdf> Spacecraft Solar Ecliptic - A coordinate system used for deep space spacecraft, for example Helios. - X axis from spacecraft to Sun. Z axis normal to ecliptic plane, positive northward. Note: Angle between normals to ecliptic and to Helios orbit plane ~ 0.25 deg. The World Geodetic System (WGS) defines a reference frame for the earth, for use in geodesy and navigation. The WGS84 uses the zero meridian as defined by the Bureau International de l'Heure. Identifiers for types or classes of rendered data. A two-dimenional representation of data with values at each element of the array related to an intensity or a color. A representation of data which is the result of calculating the frequency spectrum of windowed frames of a compound signal. A representation of data showing multiple sets of observations on a single plot, possibly offseting each plot by some uniform amount. A representation of data showing a set of observations taken at different points in time and charted as a time series. Identifiers for the characterization of the content or purpose of a document. A formal presentation of an idea or discovery typically more than a few pages in length. Identifiers for the regions surrounding the Earth. The region between the bow shock and the magnetopause, characterized by very turbulent plasma. The region of space above the atmosphere or surface of the planet, and bounded by the magnetopause, that is under the direct influence of the planet's magnetic field. The region on the night side of the body where the magnetic filed is stretched backwards by the force of the solar wind. For Earth, the magnetotail begins at a night-side radial distance of 10 Re (X > -10Re). The region of the magnetosphere where the magnetic field lines are closed, but does not include the gaseous region gravitationally bound to the body. The region near the pole of a body. For a magnetosphere the polar region is the area where magnetic field lines are open and includes the aural zone. The region within a magnetosphere where high-energy particles could potentially be trapped in a magnetic field. The gaseous and possibly ionized environment of a body extending from the surface to some specified altitude. For the Earth, this altitude is 2000 km. The neutral gases surrounding a body that extends from the surface and is bound to the body by virtue of the gravitational attraction. The region in the atmospheric where electrically-charged particles bombarding the upper atmosphere of a planet in the presence of a magnetic field produce an opitcal phenomenum. A region centered on the equator and limited in latitude by approximately 23 degrees north and south of the equator. The charged or ionized gases surrounding a body that are nominally bound to the body by virtue of the gravitational attraction.. The layer of the ionosphere that exists approximately 50 to 95 km above the surface of the Earth. One of several layers in the ionosphere. A layer of ionised gas occurring at 90-150km above the ground. One of several layers in the ionosphere. Also called the The Kennelly-Heaviside layer. A layer that contains ionized gases at a height of around 150–800 km above sea level, placing it in the thermosphere. the F region has the highest concentration of free electrons and ions anywhere in the atmosphere. It may be thought of as comprising two layers, the F1-and F2-layers. One of several layers in the ionosphere. Also known as the Appleton layer. The region at the upper most areas of the ionosphere. The layer of the atmosphere that extends from the Stratosphere to a range of 80 km to 85 km, temperature decreasing with height. A region of the magnetosphere consisting of low energy (cool) plasma. It is located above the ionosphere. The outer boundary of the plasmasphere is known as the plasmapause, which is defined by an order of magnitude drop in plasma density. The areas of the globe surrounding the poles and consisting of the region north of 60 degrees north latitude an the region south of 60 degrees south latitude. The region where Earth's inner van Allen radiation belt makes its closest approach to the planet's surface. The result is that, for a given altitude, the radiation intensity is higher over this region than elsewhere. The layer of the atmosphere that extends from the troposphere to about 30 km, temperature increases with height. The stratosphere contains the ozone layer. The layer of the atmosphere that extends from the Mesosphere to 640+ km, temperature increasing with height. The lowest layer of the atmosphere which begins at the surface and extends to between 7 km (4.4 mi) at the poles and 17 km (10.6 mi) at the equator, with some variation due to weather factors. The outermost area of a solid object. Identifier for unambiguous rules that establishes the representation of information within a file. A sequence of characters that adheres to American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) which is an 7-bit character-coding scheme. A data encoding scheme whereby binary-encoded data is converted to printable ASCII characters. It is defined as a MIME content transfer encoding for use in internet e-mail. The only characters used are the upper- and lower-case Roman alphabet characters (A–Z, a–z), the numerals (0–9), and the "+" and "/" symbols, with the "=" symbol as a special suffix (padding) code. An open standard algorithm by Julian Seward using Burrows-Wheeler block sorting and Huffman coding. See <http://www.bzip.org/> An open standard algorithm distributed by GHU based on LZ77 and Huffman coding. See <http://www.gnu.org/software/gzip/gzip.html> or <http://www.gzip.org/> A lack or absence of anything. A file format used to collate collections of files into one larger file, for distribution or archiving, while preserving file system information such as user and group permissions, dates, and directory structures. The format was standardized by POSIX.1-1988 and later POSIX.1-2001. Text in multi-byte Unicode format. An open standard for compression which is a variation of the LZW method and was originally used in the PKZIP utility. Identifiers for components of a coordinate system which can be associated with a Field Quantity. Identifiers for the physical attribute of the field. The flow of electrons through a conductor caused by a potential difference. The physical attribute that exerts an electrical force. The physical attribute that is or is caused by a mutual interaction of electric and magnetic fields. The frequency with which a charged particle (as an electron) executes spiral gyrations in moving obliquely across a magnetic field The physical attribute attributed to a magnet or its equivalent. The frequency with which a plasma oscillates. A field which obeys Laplace's Equation. The rate of energy transport per unit area per steradian. Identifiers for data organized according to preset specifications. Audio Video Interleave (AVI) a digital format for movies that conforms to the Microsoft Windows Resource Interchange File Format (RIFF). A direct representation of the bits which may be stored in memory on a computer. Common Data Format (CDF). A binary storage format developed at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Cluster Exchange Format (CEF) is a self-documenting ASCII format designed for the exchange of data. There are two versions of CEF which are not totally compatible. Cluster Exchange Format (CEF), version 1, is a self-documenting ASCII format designed for the exchange of data. The metadata contains information compatible with the ISTP recommendations for CDF. Cluster Exchange Format (CEF), version 2, is a self-documenting ASCII format designed for the exchange of data and introduced for Cluster Active Archive. Compared to version 1, the metadata description of vectors and tensors is different. Flexible Image Transport System (FITS) is a digital format primarily designed to store scientific data sets consisting of multi-dimensional arrays (1-D spectra, 2-D images or 3-D data cubes) and 2-dimensional tables containing rows and columns of data. Graphic Interchange Format (GIF) first introduced in 1987 by CompuServe. GIF uses LZW compression and images are limited to 256 colours. Hierarchical Data Format Hierarchical Data Format, Version 4 Hierarchical Data Format, Version 5 A text file containing structured information represented in the HyperText Mark-up Language (HTML). See <http://www.w3.org/MarkUp/> Instrument Data File Set (IDFS) is a set of files written in a prescribed format which contain data, timing data, and meta-data. IDFS was developed at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI). Interactive Data Language (IDL) save set. IDL is a proprietary format. A binary format for still images defined by the Joint Photographic Experts Group MATLAB Workspace save set, version 4. MAT-files are double-precision, binary, MATLAB format files. MATLAB is a proprietary product of The MathWorks. MATLAB Workspace save set, version 6. MAT-files are double-precision, binary, MATLAB format files. MATLAB is a proprietary product of The MathWorks. MATLAB Workspace save set, version 7. MAT-files are double-precision, binary, MATLAB format files. Version 7 includes data compression and Unicode encoding. MATLAB is a proprietary product of The MathWorks. A digital format for movies defined by the Motion Picture Experts Group The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) format. A complete description of that standard is given in appendix C of the "Report on Establishment & Operation of the Incoherent- Scatter Data Base", dated August 23, 1984, obtainable from NCAR, P.O. Box 3000 Boulder, Colorado 80307-3000. Unidata Program Center's Network Common Data Form (NetCDF). A self-describing data portable data format for array-oriented data access. See <http://my.unidata.ucar.edu/content/software/netcdf> A document expressed in the Portable Document Format (PDF) as defined by Adobe. A digital format for still images. Portable Network Graphics (PNG) A page description programming language created by Adobe Systems Inc. that is a device-independent industry standard for representing text and graphics. A format for digital movies, as defined by Apple Computer. See <http://developer.apple.com/quicktime/> ASCII text A binary format for still pictures. Tagged Image Format File (TIFF). Originally developed by Aldus and now controlled by Adobe. Universal Data Format (UDF). The Optical Technology Storage Association's Universal Disk Format, based on ISO 13346. See <http://www.osta.org/specs/index.htm> A proposed XML standard designed as a flexible storage and exchange format for tabular data. eXtensible Mark-up Language (XML). A structured format for representing information. See <http://www.w3.org/XML/> Identifiers for functions or algorithms that convert a digital data object into a hash value. Message Digest 5 (MD5) is a 128-bit message digest algorithm created in 1991 by Professor Ronald Rivest. Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA), a 160-bit message digest algorithm developed by the NSA and described in Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) publication 180-1. Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA), a 256-bit message digest algorithm developed by the NSA and described in Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) publication 180-1. Identifiers for regions of the solar atmosphere which extends roughly from the inner corona to the edge of the solar plasma at the heliopause separating primarily solar plasma from interstellar plasma. The region of the heliosphere extending radially out from the "surface" of the Sun to 1 AU. The heliospheric region near the Earth which extends to and includes the area near the L1 and L2 Lagrange point. The region of the heliosphere from, but not including, 1 AU to the farthest extent of the heliosphere (heliopause). The heliospheric region near the Earth's orbit, but exclusive of the region near the Earth. Identifiers for the type of experiment the instrument performs. This is the technique of observation. A sensor used to measure electric potential. An instrument that detects electrons, ions, and UV-radiation, according to the principle of a secondary emission multiplier. It is typically used in electron spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. An instrument which can image things very close to the Sun by using a disk to block the Sun's bright surface which reveals the faint solar corona and other celetrial objects. A dipole antenna of which the active (sensor) elements are small spheres located at the ends of two wires deployed in the equatorial plane, on opposite sides of a spinning spacecraft. An instrument which determines the mass and speed of ambient dust particles.